СЕМИНАРЫ-ПРАКТИКУМЫ 1-4

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ПРАКТИКУМ ПО ЛЕКЦИЯМ 1-3

Упражнения 1-17

 с ключами (выборочно)

Упр. 1. Определитесь с выбором типа следующих лексических единиц – сложные слова или словосочетания. Объясните свой выбор и переведите на русский язык:

 

1.sea-shore,

2.green grass,

3.child’s play,

4.door-handle,

5.pale blue,

6.settled opinion,

7.grass-green,

8.outcome,

9.call-girl,

10.good to drink,

11.way back,

12.page three,

13page-turner,

14.surgically clean,

15.to sell for cash,

16.as good as gold,

17.hold-up,

18.winding passage,

19.standstill,

20.speakeasy,

21.newly-born,

22.milk-white,

23.fine month,

24.twelvemonth,

25.twelve months,

26.knock-about,

27.red-hot,

28.red tulips,

29.nearby,

30.upbringing,

31good for nothing,

32.do-gooder,

33.upright.

 

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Упр. 2. Определите деривационный тип следующих сложных слов и запишите их структурные типы, Переведите на русский язык. 

 

1.bedroom,

2.hot-tempered,

3.stone-cold,

4.sunglasses,

5.homesick,

6.broad-minded,

7.ready-made,

8.skating-rink,

9.first-rate,

10.cold-blooded,

11.water-proof,

12street-fighter,

13whereabouts,

14.dirt-cheap,

15.moreover,

16.rainbow,

17.sky-blue,

18.straightforward,

19.wrong-sided,

20.earthquake,

21.offspring,

22.four-wheeler,

23.house-keeper,

24.deadline,

25.life-sized.

 

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Упр. 3. Дайте ваши собственные примеры сложных слов по приводимым образцам-моделям. Скажите, какие модели продуктивные, а какие нет. Переведите на русский язык. 

 

1.n+n,

2.a+n,

3.adv+n,

4.prt+n,

5.prt+v,

8.num+n,

9.v+v,

10.n+a,

11.a+a,

12.n+(v+-en),

15.adv+a,

16.a+adv,

17.v+n,

18.v+(prt)+0,

19.(num+n)+-er,

6.(a+n)+-ed,

7.(n+n)+-ed,

13.(v+-en)+prt,

14.(adv+v)+-ed.

 

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Упр. 4. Определите деривационный тип следующих слов. Переведите на русский язык.

 

1.absentmindedness,

2.lipstick,

3.to babysit,

4.early-riser,

5.schoolmasterish,

6.newcomer,

7.four-wheeler,

8.a breakdown,

9.sunflower,

10.music-lover,

11.old worldish,

12.first-nighter,

13.headache,

14.cinema-goer,

15. honeymooner,

16.grandfatherly,

17.broadshouldered,

18.a brainstorm,

19.evildoer,

20.to braindrain,

21.weight-conscious,

22.newlyweds.

 

 

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Упр. 5. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Определите деривационный тип выделенных слов.

1. “There shall be no beggar-marriages in my family,” the father cried out.

2. Serious-faced James Howden entered the high-ceilinged, beige-carpeted Privy Council Chamber.

3. It was a lived-in, worked-in scholar’s cubicle. There were jammed bookshelves from floor to ceiling.

4. Judson’s head snapped up, his blue eyes hooding with suspicion. Donald had sounded almost schoolmasterish.

5. The BBC television comedy series “Yes, Minister” has proved to be more than a delight. It has also been an eye-opener.

6. This book is an absolute page-turner.

7. Unless you have a brainstorm, I don’t see how we are going to get out of this.

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Упр. 6. Определите тип отношений между компонентами следующих сложных слов. Переведите на русский язык.

 

 

1.earring,

2.snow-white,

3.colour-blind,

4.frost-bitten,

5.shop-owner,

6.daylight,

7.ice-breaker,

8.holiday-maker,

9.seasick,

10.narrow-minded,

11.finger-ring,

12.life-sized,

13.homemade,

14.spring-cleaning,

15.grass-green,

16.sugar-free,

17schoolmaster,

18.sunset,

19.fair-haired,

20.deck-chair,

21.world-wide.

 

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Упр. 7. Скажите, следующие сложные слова мотивипрованs, слабо мотивированы, совсем немотивированны (идиоматичны). Переведите на русский язык.   

 

1.bathroom,

2.housewife,

3.bluebell,

4.tallboy,

5.sunshine,

6.chatterbox,

7.waterfall,

8.lady-killer,

9.horse-race,

10.weekend,

11.flower-bed,

12.eye-opener,

13.highlight,

14.swimming-pool,

15.landslide,

16.page-turner,

17.sun-blinds,

18.brainwash,

19.fortune-teller,

20.dishwasher,

21.good-looking,

22.easy-going,

23.lazybones,

24.ladybird.

 

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Упр. 8. Прочтите следующие шутки и скажите, как достигается юмористический эффект. Переведите на русский язык. 

Patient. They say, doctor, you are a perfect lady-killer.

Doctor. Oh, no, no! I assure you, my dear madam, I make no difference between the sexes.

Customer. Is this lipstick waterproof and sunproof?

Shop assistant. Yes, madam. And it’s also kissproof.

A young girl. My room has looked crammed since I acquired a tallboy.

Her elderly neighbour. You should have found a shorter one, darling.

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Упр. 9[1]. Classify the words as being products of either inflection, derivation or compounding. Justify your analysis in the potentially problematic cases. Translate into Russian.

1.blackboard 2.eraser 3.unacceptability 4.flowerpots 5.movie monster 6.broad-shouldered 7.hard-working 8.speaking 9.developmental

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Упр. 10. Name three general characteristics of English compounds. Use the data below for illustration. Translate into Russian.

1.oak-tree 2.drawbridge 3.sky-blue 4.mind-boggling

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Упр. 11. Classify the following compounds as exocentric, endocentric, possessive, appositional, or coordinative [terms definitions can be found in some terminology dictionary or in the Internet]. Translate into Russian.

1.frying pan 2.redhead 3.maidservant 4.author-reader (exchange) 5.Austria-Hungary 6.hardtop 7.silk worm 8.man-machine (interaction) 9.bootblack 10.German-English 11.actor-manager 12.gas-light

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Упр. 12. Are underdog, undercoat and overtax, overripe compounds or prefixed derivatives? Which arguments can be adduced for the status of under- and over- in the above forms? Find out the lack information in the Internet or in some reference- or textbook.

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Упр. 13[2]. Find the compound words in the contexts. Translate them into Russian in the contexts.

1. The officers looked up from his great-grandmother’s pocket-watch, which they were examining appreciatively (P. Highsmith).
2. It was a flimsy and weather-worm affair with a few moribund penny-in-the-slot machines placed at far distant intervals (A. Christie).
3. Things did not improve when a rumour started that will-o’-the-wisps had been seen in the woods and in that patch of fenced-off land (Ph. Carr).
4. And then they came rattling and clanking into the stone-flagged hall – a round dozen jack-booted, lobster-coated troopers of the Tangiers Regiment, led by a sturdy, blackbrowed fellow with a deal of gold lace about the breast of his coat (R. Sabatini).
5. On the bed – it was rumpled, but it had the counterpane on it – lay a scattering of sheets of paper, written on in longhand, and a black-and-white-marbled notebook (P. Highsmith).
6. Her list of wanted birthday presents had included a live pony, a pair of roller skates, high-heeled shoes of her very own, a make-up kit with real lipstick, a record player and records, and a dear little monkey to play with, and any or all of these things might be in the offing (Sh. Jackson).
7. Children dashed in and out of the rain, to the puddles under the dismal yew-trees, across the wet flagstones of the kitchen, whilst the cleaning-woman grumbled and scolded; children were swarming on the sofa, children were kicking the piano in the parlour, to make it sound like a bee-hive, children were rolling on the hearthrug, legs in air, pulling a book in two between them, children, fiendish, ubiquitous, were stealing upstairs to find out where our Ursula was, whispering at bedroom doors, hanging on the latch, calling mysteriously “Ursula! Ursula!” to the girl who had locked herself in to read (D.H. Lawrence).
8. John Ferris awoke in a room in a New York hotel. He had the feeling that something unpleasant was awaiting him – what it was, he did not know. The feeling, submerged by matinal necessities, lingered even after he had dressed and gone downstairs. It was a cloudless autumn day and the pale sunlight sliced between the pastel skyscrapers. Ferris went into the next-door drugstore and sat at the end booth next to the window glass that overlooked the sidewalk. He ordered an American breakfast with scrambled eggs and sausage (C. McCullers).

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Упр. 14. Match the compound and its meaning. Translate them into Russian.

 

1	cocktail	A	a yeoman of the English royal guard or a warder of the Tower of London
2	ducktail	B	an informer; a person who betrays, denies, or abandons his or her associates, social group, beliefs
3	bobtail	C	an alcoholic drink consisting of a spirit or spirits mixed with fruit juice, etc.
4	dogfish	D	a North Atlantic rockfish used for food
5	rosefish	E	a small thin sponge cake
6	dogrose	F	a long thin green vegetable from southern countries (a tropical plant with green seed pods eaten as a vrgetable)
7	cheesecake	G	a kind of small shark
8	cheese-eater	H	a short or docked tail
9	beefcake	I	pictures of women with shapely bodies, especially as used in advertisements
10	beefeater	J	a smartweed having pink or purplish flowers and lance-shaped leaves with a spot resembling a thumbprint
11	lady’s-slipper	K	a wild rose having pink or white flowers
12	ladyfinger	L	a type of wild or garden orchid with a flower shaped like a pouch
13	lady’s fingers	M	a male hairstyle, in which the hair is slicked back on both sides to overlap at the back of the head
14	lady’s-thumb	N	pictures of strong muscular men, especially as used in advertisements or sex magazines

 

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Упр. 15. What are the types of compounds? Give your own example with translations into Russian.

15.1.   

a) a compound with a linking vowel;

b) a compound with a linking consonant;

c) a compound with a preposition stem;

d) a compound with a conjunction stem

1.pepper-and-saly, n  2.speedometer, n  3.Stratford-on-Avon, n  4.bridesmaid, n  5.door-to-door  6.handicraft, n  7.momndad, n  8.stick-in-the-mud 

15.2.

a) a coordinative compound;

b) a subordinative compound

1.lipstick, n  2.fifty-fifty, adj  3.road-building, n  4.bittersweet, adj  5.pink-and-white, adj  6.wine-coloured, adj

15.3.

a) a compound proper;

b) a derivational compound

1.smoke-filled, adj  2.puffy-eyed, adj  3.cruel-hearted, adj  4.soft-boiled, adj  5.first-nighter, n  6.mill-owner, n  7.do-gooder, n  8.dish-washer, n

15.4.

a) a compound with two simple stems;

b) a compound in which one of the stems is derived;

c) a compound in which one of the stems is clipped;

d) a compound in which one of the components is a compound stem

1.drugstore, n  2.great-grandmother, n  3.dog-tired, adj  4.maths-mistress, n  5.football, n  6.lawbreaker, n  7.wastepaper-basket, n  8.bluish-white, adj

15.5.

a) an endocentric compound;

b) an exocentric compound

endocentric construction (headed construction) – конструкция, один или несколько элементов которой могут занимать ту же синтаксическую позицию, что и вся конструкция в целом ▪ exocentric construction (non-headed construction) – конструкция, ни один из элементов которой не может занимать ту же синтаксическую позицию, что и вся конструкция в целом (например, предикативная конструкция)

 

1.steamboat, n  2.sugardaddy, n  3.girlfriend, n  4.pickpocket, n  5.dressing-gown, n  6.lazy-bones, n

15.6.

a) a non-idiomatic compound, i.e. a compound whose meaning is transparent and can be inferred from the meanings of its components;

b) an idiomatic compound, i.e. a compound whose meaning cannot br deduced from the meanings of its compounds

1. highbrow, n - a person who has or is thought to have superior intellectual and cultural tastes
2. fingerprint, n - a mark made by the tip of a finger on the surface and used for identifying people, especially criminals
3. dumb-waiter, n – a small lift for carrying food, etc from one floor to another, especially in a restaurant
4. wallflower, n – in the meaning “a common garden plant that has sweet-smelling (usually orange or brownish-red) flowers in spring”
5. wallflower, n – in the meaning “a person (especially a woman) who has no dancing partner at a dance and has to sit or stand around while others dance”
6. bookworm, n – in the meaning “a person devoted to reading or studying”
7. bookworm, n – in the meaning “any of various insects that feed on books, especially a booklouse”
8. screwdriver, n – in the meaning “a mixed drink made with vodka and orange juice”

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Упр. 16. a) Are these compound built in the same way? What is the last word-formation act for each of these words?

1.brainstruster  2.honeymooner  3.mill-owner

b) Are these compound words?

1.childhood  2.eggplant  3.mushroom  4.handkerchief  5.blackguard  6.horseemanship

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Упр. 17. Find the reduplicative compounds in the sentences below. Determine their types and translate into Russian):

1. a reduplicative compound proper, i.e. a compound which is formed by the repetition of a stem;
2. an ablaut compound, i.e. a compound consisting of a basic free morpheme (sometimes it is a pseudo-morpheme) which is repeated in the other component with a different vowel, the typical changes being [ɪ]-[æ], [ɪ]-[ɔ];
3. a rhyme compound, i.e. a compound consisting of two components (most often pseudo-morphemes) which are joined to rhyme.

 

1. It will be a sharp lesson to him not to raise people’s hopes and shilly-shally in this manner (P.G. Wodehouse).
2. And making a scene is a definite no-no (Cosmopolitan).
3. You know Mason’s book will be a mishmash of old magazine articles, Eileen (J. Smith).
4. Skulls of deer, mice, squirrels, bear and even little itsy-bitsy things that belonged to birds (L. Fosburgh).
5. The car was second-hand but there’s nothing wrong with it and the paint-work is in tip-top condition (Internet).
6. … and as he listened to the gay chit-chat of elegant women, or the ponderous discourse of this political friends, he longed to be back among soldiers with no ambition but to beat the Boche and no pleasure beyond waking each morning to find oneself alive (P.P. Read)/
7. He dreams of becoming rich and famous, but he lives in a never-never land, I’m afraid (B. Lockett).
8. Two training planes piloted by air cadets collided in mid-air. The pilots who had safely bailed out were interrogated about the accident.

     “Why didn’t you take any evasive action to avoid hitting the other plane?”

    “I didn’t,” the first pilot explained, “I tried to zig-zag.”

    “And what?”

    “But he was zizaging, too, and zagged when I thought he was going to zig.”      (A. Joke).

1. He was rather conceited and a bit of a snob; the type we called hoity-toity when we were children (Internet).
2. The little house was very orderly, and just big enough for all it contained, though to some tastes the bric-a-brac in the parlour might seem excessive (U.Le Guin).

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FUN SPOT Smile with Tony ■”Yes”, the teacher explained, “the names of some plants have the root dog. For instance, dog-rose and dog-violet are well-known. Can you give another? There was silence, then a happy look illuminated the face of  Tony. “Please, Miss” he called out, proud of his knowledge, “collie-flowers.” ■A teacher was giving a lesson to a class of little children. The teacher wrote the word bird-cage on the blackboard and asked the children, “Why is there a hyphen in bird-cage? For a long time nobody answered. The Tony stood up and said, “I know, teacher. It is for the bird to si on when it is tired.” 2.  Do you know… ? ■Do you know the origin of the compound word honeymoon, which appeared in the 16th century? There are several etymological versions.    Honeymoon is derived from the custom in the Northern Europe of drinking hydromel, or diluted honey (mead – напиток из мёда), a fermented liquor made from honey, for thirty days (a moon, month) after the marriage feast.    According to another point of view, honeymoon comes from the Babylonian practice of a new father-in-law giving mead, honey beer, to his son-in-law for the first month of marriage.    There is one more interpretation of the word. Honey is a reference to the sweetness of a new marriage. And moon is not a reference to the lunar-based sweetness, like a full moon, would quickly fade. ►Greenough J.B., Kittredge G.L. Words and Their Ways in English Speech and The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins and www.wordorigins.org Questions to Ponder Is there an egg in eggplant? Are pineapples a special kind of apples that grow on pines?

 

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KEY TO SOME EXERCISES

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Упр. 13.

1.great-grandfather’s, pocket-watch  2.weather-worn, penny-in-the-slot  3.will-o’-the-wisps, fenced-off  4.stone-flagged, jack-booted, lobster-coated, black-browed  5.longhand, black-and-white-marbled, notebook  6.birthday, roller skates, highheeled, make-up, lip-stick, record player  7.yew-trees, flagstones, cleaning-woman, beehive, hearthrug, upstairs, bedroom, herself  Note As often as not up- (e.g. in the word upstairs) is referred to as a semi-prefix/prefix  8.something, downstairs, sunlight, skyscrapers, next-door, drugstore, overlooked, sidewalk, breakfast

Note 1. Sometimes down- (e.g. in the word downstairs) is referred to as a semi-prefix/prefix

Note 2. In some scientific and lexicographical sources over- (e.g. in the word overlook) is qualified as a root, in others – as a semi-prefix/prefix

Note 3. Breakfast belongs to the words whose morphological status in Modern English is difficult to identify with any degree of certainty. Breakfast originates from the verb break ‘to interrupt’ and the noun fast “going without food”. Its sound form has changed from [ꞌbreɪkfa:st] into [ꞌbrekfәst]. This phonetic change corresponds to the change in meaning: the present meaning is “the first meal of the day”. Thus, the phonetic and semantic alterations to this word give grounds to some scholars to consider such words as monomorphic simple words. Other linguists are of the opinion that this word is still a compound or at least a borderline case since it retains a conservative spelling.

Упр. 14.

1c, 2m, 3h, 4g, 5d, 6k, 7i, 8b, 9n, 10a, 11l, 12e, 13f, 14j

Упр. 15.1. - 1d,  2a,  3c,  4b,  5c,  6a,  7d,  8c

15.2. - 1b,  2a,  3b,  4a,  5a,  6b

15.3. - 1a,  2d,  3b,  4a,  5d,  6a,  7b,  8a

15.4. – 1a,  2d,  3b,  4c,  5a,  6b,  7d,  8b

15.5. – 1a,  2b,  3a,  4b,  5a,  6b

15.6. – 1b,  2a,  3b,  4a,  5b,  6b,  7a,  8a,  9b

Упр. 16a. – 1 – word-composition and suffixation = [brains+trust]+-er

2 – suffixation = honeymoon+-er  3 – word-composition = mill-+owner-

Упр. 16b. – 1–no,  2-yes,  3-no,  4-[ꞌhæŋkәt∫ɪf], 5-[ꞌblæga:d, -әd] There are two points of view concerning the words handkerchief and blackguard: 1) they are simple words; 2) they are compound words representing a borderline case, 6-probably no, because today –man is treated as a semi-suffix, that is its status is more of an affix rather than a root

Упр. 17. – 1-shilly-shally-b,  2-no-no-a,  3-mishmash-b,  4-itsy-bitsy-c,  5-tip-top-b,  6-chit-chat-b,  7-never-never-a,  8-zigzag-b,  9-hoity-toity-c,  10-bric-a-brac-b

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ПРАКТИКУМ 4

к Лекции 4.

А. Сложные слова

Упражнения 1-19

Упр. 1.  Назовите сложные слова, образованные а) компрессией, б) основосложением. Скажите, в чём заключается суть каждого из способов. Сделайте перевод.

1.knowledge-hungry eyes 2.a fact-filled report 3.technical-minded people 4.a struggle-for-lifter 5.a low-ceiling room 6.an out of shape sweater 7.a cover up attempt 8.a civil righter 9.to blacklist a person 10.a true to life story 11.two lane traffic 12.psycho-therapy 13.a wine-red carpet 14.Russian-educated specialists 14.a five-power conference 15.iron-poor blood 16.war-weary people

Упр. 2. Определите способ образования сложных слов и переведите их.

1. the take off and the landing of the plane; a traffic hold up; a cold rubdown in the morning; dine at a drive in; to come to a standstill;
2. a suitcase and a hold all; find a cure all; a loafer and a do-nothing; thrifty people and spend alls;
3. to flighttest a plane; to blackball a candidate; to roadtest a car; to whitewash a criminal; to sugarcoat the pill; to blacklist a perso;
4. end of term examinations; a spur of the moment decision; end of speed zone; a dime in the slot telescope; value for money models;
5. a heart-to-heart talk; a wall-to-wall carpet; a dusk-to-dawn curfew; a ground-to-air missile; hand-to-hand fighting; an area-by-area investigation;
6. an off the record talk; round the clock service; after the event wisdom; behind the scenes talks; up to date information; an out of tune piano;
7. a knock out game; drop out statistics; a pull on hat; a turn-down collar; at a virtually give away price; a sit-in strike; a calendar with tear off leaves;
8. easy to follow instructions; hard to please people; ready-to-serve food; easy-to-assemble houses; a hard to believe story;
9. world-famous names; world-wide fame; an age-long custom; get home-sick; feel car sick; a bottle green coat;
10. a dark-brown suit; light-green curtains;
11. radio-transmitted signals; hand-made carpets; time-tested friendship; propeller-driven vehicles; laughter-filled eyes; home made goods; London born Irishmen;
12. a three-page letter; a three-stage rocket; two-stage elections; a nine-storey building; a two-way street; a four-lane road; a ten gallon tank.

Упр. 3.  Назовите словосочетания, на базе которых образованы следующие сложнопроизводные слова. Переведите словосочетания и слова.

1.an out-of-tower 2.to go goose-fleshy 3.a first nighter 4.an East Ender 5.a West Pointer 6.a water colourist  7.a black marketer 8.even-tempered people 9.deep-rooted habits 10.a long-tailed monkey 11.level-headed diplomats 12.war-minded politicians 13.a sit downer 14.a general fedupness 15.matter-of-factness 16.a no-gooder

Упр. 4. Назовите сложные слова, аналогичные по составу и способу образования словам a take off; to flighttest; a last minuter; a week ender; world-famous; three page (letter); strong-willed; radio-transmitted

1.a break-through 2.a horse-drawn coach 3.a dark-haired girl 4.a century-old custom 5.a four-power agreement 6.a short-sighted man 7.a snow-white dress 8.a show off 9.to sandpaper the surface 10.frost-bitten fruit 11.a left winger 12.a back bencher 13.to sidetrack a person 14.honeymooners

Упр. 5. а)Выберите словосочетания, содержащие сложные слова типа radio-transmitted, и переведите их. Скажите, как образуются сложные слова такого типа и каковы их морфологический состав и значение.

б) Выберите словосочетания, содержащие сложнопроизводные слова типа dark-haired, и переведите их. Скажите, как образуются сложные слова такого типа и каковы их морфологический состав и значение.

1.dull-faced fellow 2.weather-ruined houses 3.long-stemmed flowers 4.radar-located targets 5.progressive-minded politicians 6.jealousy-divided communities 7.nuclear-powered submarines 8.a paper-littered table 9.evil-hearted people

в) Разграничьте предложения и словосочетания. Переведите их. Скажите, какая особенность английского языка может затруднить перевод.

1. The company charted flight. 2. The company charted the flight. 3. The enemy encircled tank unit. 4. The enemy encircled the tank unit. 5. The war devastated the country. 6. The war devastated country. 7. The committee approved decision. 8. The committee approved the decision. 9. The rain soaked soil. 10. The rain soaked the soil. 11. The water damaged the floor. 12. The rain damaged floor. 13. The rain ruined the coat. 14. The rain ruined coat.

г) Перефразируйте словосочетания, используя сложные прилагательные типа radio-transmitted. Переведите на русский язык.

1.the territory held by the enemy 2.a photograph covered with dust 3.organizations controlled by the government 4.a campaign financed by the state 5.a lake lit by the moon 6.mountains covered with snow 7.a Frenchman born in London 8.a resolution approved by the committee 9.a coach drawn by a horse 10.fur made by man

д) Перефразируйте словосочетания, используя сложнопроизводные прилагательные типа dark-haired.

1.a girl with grey eyes 2.shoes having low heels 3.shoes having rubber soles 4.a man with red hair 5.a man with broad shoulders 6.a girl with a dull face 7.hands with short fingers 8.spectacles with a horn rim 9.a hat with a broad brim 10.a fellow with an open heart 11.a brush with a long handle 12.a blouse with a high neck

Упр. 6. Перефразируйте словосочетания, используя сложные прилагательные типа world-famous.Переведите на русский язык.

1.hands as cold as stone 2.a question as clear as crystal 3.lipstick as pink as a cherry 4.hair as grey as silver 5.a dress as green as moss

Упр. 7. Перефразируйте словосочетания, используя сложные прилагательные типа three-page (letter). Переведите на русский язык.

1.an agreement having five points 2.a distance of three miles 3.a job to be completed in ten years 4.a lecture lasting two hours 5.a banknote the value of which is ten pounds 6.an agreement concluded by four powers 7.a ride lasting three hours 8.a delay of fifteen minutes

Упр. 8. Образуйте сложные глаголы на базе приведённых ниже сочетаний. Объясните, в чём заключается суть такого способа словообразования. Переведите на русский язык.

1.holiday making, holiday maker 2.tape recording, tape recorder 3.spring cleaning 4.dressmaking, dress maker 5.air conditioning, air conditioner 6.dry cleaning 7.body snatching 8.sabre rattling 9.sunbathing 10.slip reading 11.spoonfeeding

Упр. 9. Найдите сложные слова, определите их способ образования и переведите на русский язык.

1. It was a do-or-die for me. 2. That would be a sit-on-the-fence policy. 3. We’ll buy him a put-it-together toy set. 4. I don’t need advice from a has been. 5. The diet is recommended for too fats. 6. I’m sick and tired of your do’nts. 7. Are they still hand and glove friends? 8. The paper frontpages the news. 9. They are week-ending in the country. 10. The dress is not hand-washable. 11. The house is a walk up. 12. She was wearing a light-green dress. 13. Colour-blind people are not allowed to take a driving test. 14. The car is a two seater. 15. A walkover is an easy victory. 16. He tried to make a getaway. 17. Tis is my life long conviction. 18. These goods are duty-free. 19. The material is water repellant and crease resistant. 20. A turnback is a cowardly person. 21. The office is shortstaffed. 22. The man is a full timer. 23. Don’t be a middle-of-the roader. 24. The demonstrators were teargased. 25. They attended a two hour lecture. 26. The missile was testfired last week. 27. The radioactive fallout in the London area has increased. 28. The astronauts were waiting for a countdown. 29. Who taught you to skindive?

Б. Нейтральные образования

Упр. 10. Переведите словосочетания. Скажите, какую особенность английского языка иллюстрируют эти примеры.

1. family doctor, doctor family 2) business district, district business 3) boat deck, deck boat 4) deck lounge, lounge deck 5) laboratory research, research laboratory 6) flower garden, garden flower 7) child problem, problem child 8) horse race, race horse 9) life boat, boat life 10) pet shop, shop pet

Упр. 11. Переведите словосочетания с существительным в роли препозитивного определения. Сделайте вывод о семантике атрибутивного существительного.

А. silver coin, floor lamp, evening school, hair pin, loyalty test, request stop, college professor;

Б. war office, war orphan; table cloth, table manners; boat desk, boat train; question time, question mark;

В. Plane report, journal dispute, hotel advertisement, holiday argument, press challenge, laboratory incident.

Упр. 12. Переведите следующие словосочетания с существительным в функции препозитивного определения. Скажите, каково значение атрибутивных существительных в этих примерах и в чём отличие словосочетаний типа pain killer от сложнопроизводных слов типа week ender.

1.shock absorber 2.money earner 3.speed indicator 4.nylon whitener 5.trouble maker 6.distance runner 7.a hundred percenter 8.a lie detector 9.a lawn mower 10.a record player 11.brain trusters 12.a simple lifer 13.a page oner 14.a second rater 15.a fire eater 16.a card player 17.a do gooder

Упр. 13. а) Разграничьте существительные, выступающие как однородные препозитивные определения, и подчинительные субстантивные сочетания в функции препозитивного определения. Переведите на русский язык.

1.a green protective zone 2.acceptablr peace terms 3.mental hospital staff 4.urgent safety measures 5.a longer holiday claim 6.automatic direction finder 7.stale cigar smoke 8.joint nuclear research 9.a full time job 10.a beauty contest winner

б) Переведите словосочетания. Прокомментируйте характер препозитивных определений.

А.  1) special ǁ reception committee 2) special reception | committee 3) Saturday ǁ Shopping Guide 4) Saturday Shopping | Guide 5) the Conservative party | leaders 6) the conservative ǁ party leaders 7) a modern ǁ art exhibition 8) a modern art | exhibition 9) a primitive ǁ art exhibition 10) a primitive art | exhibition 11) a dirty ǁ work shirt 12) a dirty work | shirt

Б. 1) last minute decision, last public appearance 2) Best Actor Award, best feature film 3) open flower shop, open air show 4) accurate weather forecast, accurate account demand 5) old tennis player, old age home 6) good floor polisher, good will visit 7) long bus drive, long distance call 8) full wine glass, full page advertisement

B. 1.a quick weight loss diet 2.a high wire circus family 3.an adequate city transport system 4.a good quality dark rain coat 5.long range transport aircraft 6.a dual track tape recorder 7.a polished brass front door handle 8.a close range assault weapon 9.a slow speed news summary 10.long term low interest credits 11.low frequency radio signals 12.a big printed notice 13.an old battered suitcase 14.dirty waxed paper 15.a tall uniformed air hostess

Г. 1.a long distance bus 2.a long distance bus accident 3.Europian Union  countries 4.European Union countries foreign policy 5.a large scale attack 6.a large scale conventional infantry attack 6.a front page newspaper hero 7.a front page newspaper hero behavior

Упр. 14. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие в качестве одного из однородных препозитивных определений сложное слово.

 

1. car transported food stuff and medical supplies;
2. enemy provoked border clashes;
3. a dark blue sea island cotton shirt;
4. a tank mounted search light;
5. a jungle capable rifle company;
6. tired bundle laden shoppers;
7. Polaris equipped military bases;
8. a man portable recoiless rifle;
9. ready to serve smoked ham;
10. state run television net works;
11. fifteen day motorcoach tour of Ireland with a plan-as-you-go itinerary;
12. round the clock medical service;

 

1. truck transported pre-built units

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Упр. 15. Выберите из приведённых ниже примеров образования типа а) crying children; б) sliding doors; в) sleeping pills; г) sewing machine. Прокомментируйте их состав, семантику и акцентное строение.

А. 1.quarrelling neighbours 2.swinging doors 3.rising prices 4.a hanging lamp 5.rustling leaves 6.a winding path 7.a leading article 8.a folding rule 9.a jumping frog 10.a cooling system 11.a creeping plant 12.a revolving turret 13.a barking dog 14.a talking bird

Б. 1.operating table, operating surgeon 2.climbing equipment, climbing tourists 3.laughing eyes, laughing gas 4.sleeping children, sleeping bag 5.reading lamp, reading public 6.writing clerks, writing implements

Упр. 16. Трансформируйте словосочетания, содержащие нейтральные образования, в словосочетания «существительное + постпозитивное определение». Например: word-building suffixes = suffixes that build words или suffixes used for word building.

 

1. a passenger-carrying vehicle =
2. a fact-finding mission =
3. a gold buying fever =
4. a labour-saving device =
5. an armour-piercing shell =
6. a camera-carrying case =
7. a rocket-launching site =
8. a film-processing laboratory =
9. a pilot-training centre =
10. pilot-training personnel =
11. car-repairing facilities =
12. car-repairing mechanics =
13. heart-breaking news =
14. world-shattering events =
15. an epoch-making decision =
16. peace-loving people =

 

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Упр. 17. Разграничьте словосочетания и предложения с переводом на русский язык. Определите природу единиц с суффиксом –ing и образований, в состав которых они входят.

1. Buses moving at walking speed. 2. Buses were moving at walking speed. 3. Some recording devices look like hearing aids. 4. Sound recording devices used in teaching. 5. A bridge building policy they ahhere to. 6. He was charged with bag snatching and car stealing. 7. The flying officers and the ground personnel. 8. River forcing operations to be carried out at dawn. 9. Forcing the river in such weather would be difficult. 10. In case of emergency use the life-saving jacket. 11. A crushing blow they struck at the enemy. 12. There is hot running water in the cottage. 13. A leaf dancing in the wind. 14. Driving a faulty vehicle may result in an accident. 15. She does not believe in fortune telling. 16. Wage earning workers are paid weekly, usually getting their wages in cash. 17. Radiation measuring instruments. 18. Instruments measuring the depth of ocean. 19. Bottling up one’s reactions is harmful. 20. She looked like a surgeon approaching the operating table for a difficult and dangerous operation. 21. The man’s being so scared seemed to underline the fact that there was something to be scared about. 22. Studies show reckless driving causes accidents. 23. Striving to better we often mar what’s good.

Упр. 18. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие в качестве однородных препозитивных определений нейтральные образования с суффиксом –ing.    

 

1. the yacht club parking space;
2. a small head hugging hat;
3. a hard time consuming job;
4. military significant nuclear weapon detecting system;
5. a book lined sitting room;
6. eye-catching life-size film posters;
7. a do-it-yourself crime solving experiment;
8. major oil consuming nations

 

 

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Упр. 19. Разграничьте предложения и словосочетания. Переведите их и прокомментируйте их состав. Скажите, какие особенности английского языка могут затруднить перевод.

 

1. Saddle leather boots they wear in Texas.
2. Stainless steel film clips are indispensable when developing roll films.
3. New electrical garbage disposal equipment.
4. Hot house grapes sell well.
5. Crease resistant machine washable fabrics.
6. Helicopter flown jungle capable troops.
7. The light casualty list amounted.
8. Solving problems equals success.
9. Avoid habit forming drugs.
10. Road safety centres run by local authorities.
11. First run movie theatres.
12. Corrugated iron painted bright red.
13. Glacier lined Gulf of Alaska.
14. Liquid crystals cloud when an electric charge is applied.

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[1]Следующие четыре упражнения взяты из:  Plag Ingo. Word-formation in English. PP. 209-210

[2] Это и последующие упражнения, а также дополнительный информационно-учебный материал заимствованы в: Кульгавова Л.В. Лексикология английского языка. С.229-237.

Упражнения и задания в сопосталении

 

В английском языке имеется несколько способов словообразо­вания:

1) конверсия (образование новых слов без измене­ния их написания и произношения)

2) словосложение (образова­ние нового слова путем сложения двух слов в одно)

3) изменение ударения в слове (и получение нового слова другой части речи).

4) аффиксация (прибавление к корню суффикса или префикса)

 

 

1-3.  Конверсия. Словосложение. Изменение ударения

 

Иногда слово может менять свое значение и выполнять новую синтаксическую функцию в предложении, не изменяя при этом на­писания и произношения (конверсия). Наиболее распространенным является образование глаголов от существительных: master (хозяин) – to master (управлять), house (дом) – to house (размещать), water (вода) – to water (поливать). Но глаголы могут быть образованы и от прилагательных: empty (пустой) – to empty (опустошать) white (белый) – to white (белить).

Словосложение – это объединение полнозначных слов или их основ в сложное слово. Вновь образованное сложное слово пишется слитно или через дефис: airfield – аэродром (air – воздух, field – поле), air-base – авиабаза (air – воздух, base – база), airman – авиатор (air – воздух, man – мужчина), schoolday – школьный день (school – школа, day – день), birthplace – место рождения (birth – рождение, place – место).

Сложные слова могут состоять из двух существительных, первое из которых приобретает значение прилагательного. В этом случае слова пишутся отдельно. Например: service dress – форменная одеж­да, одежда для службы (service – служба, dress – платье), shop win­dow – витрина (shop – магазин, window – окно), skim milk – снятое мо­локо (to skim – снимать (накипь и т.д.), milk – молоко).

Многие существительные совпадают по форме с глаголами, но отличаются ударением. Как правило, в существительных ударение падает на первый слог, а в соответствующих глаголах – на второй: export (экспорт) – to export (экспортировать) present (подарок) – to present (дарить).

 

 

4.  Словообразование с помощью аффиксации

 

Образование новых слов может происходить при помощи присое­динения к основе слова суффиксов или префиксов (приставок). Префиксы присоединяются к корню слова в начале, а суффиксы - в конце. Слова, образованные с помощью префиксов или суффиксов, в отличие от простых слов, называются производными.

Префиксы, как и суффиксы, могут присоединяться к различным частям речи, изменяя при этом значение основы слова, например: happy (счастливый) - unhappy (несчастный) - happiness (счастье) - happily (счастливо); help (помощь) - helper (помощ­ник) - helpful (полезный) - helpless (беспомощный).

 

 

 

 

I. Наиболее употребительные приставки (префиксы) и их значения:

 

1. Префикс со значением “снова”, “заново”, “вновь”, “пере”:

re-	to construct (строить) - to reconstruct (перестроить), to read (читать) - to reread (перечитать), to write (писать) - to rewrite (переписать)

 

2. Префиксы, которые придают слову противоположное значе­ние или обозначают противоположное действие:

un-       dis-       de-       anti-     counter- contra-

to dress (одеваться) - to undress (раздеваться), to tie (связывать) - to untie (развязывать) to appear (появляться) - to disappear (исчезать) formation (формирование) - deformation (деформация) fascist (фашист) - anti-fascist (антифашист) attack (атака) - counterattack (контратака) to  contradict (противоречить, возражать)

 

3. Префиксы, имеющие отрицательное значение:

a- ab- un-        im-        in-         ir-         il-    dis-       mis-      non-

amoral (аморальный, безнравственный) absent (отсутствующий),  abnormal (ненормальный) kind (добрый) - unkind (недобрый) possible (возможный) - impossible (невозможный) ability (способность) - inability (неспособность) regular (регулярный) - irregular (нерегулярный) legal (легальный) - illegal (нелегальный) honest (честный) - dishonest (нечестный), to understand (понимать) - to misunderstand (неправильно понять) interference (вмешательство) - non-interference (невмешательство)

! NOTE ! Приставка, которая начинается на “i” изменяется в зависимости от того, какая за ней стоит буква: il + l, ir + r, im + b, m, p.

 

4. Префиксы, имеющие значение “сверх”, “пере”, “чрезмерно”:

over- super-  ultra- extra-

to pay (платить) - to overpay (переплатить) human (человеческий) - superhuman (сверхчеловеческий) short (короткий) - ultra-short (ультракороткий) extraordinary (необычный)

 

5.       Префиксы со значением “между”, “взаимно”:

со-       inter-

existence (существование) - co-existence (сосуществование) national (национальный) - international (интернациональ­ный)